VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in Frontiers Advancements in alternative approaches to address antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pneumonia: a comprehensive review Introductory Chapter: Pneumonia IntechOpen Hap Vap Antimicrobial Resistance in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Predictive Microbiology and Evidence Based Therapy Infectious Diseases and Therapy